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发布于 2015-08-27 16:35:14 | 146 次阅读 | 评论: 0 | 来源: 网络整理

Whenever you write a new line of code, you also potentially add new bugs. To build better and more reliable applications, you should test your code using both functional and unit tests.

PHPUnit测试框架

Symfony integrates with an independent library - called PHPUnit - to give you a rich testing framework. This chapter won’t cover PHPUnit itself, but it has its own excellent documentation.

注解

It’s recommended to use the latest stable PHPUnit version (you will have to use version 4.2 or higher to test the Symfony core code itself).

Each test - whether it’s a unit test or a functional test - is a PHP class that should live in the Tests/ subdirectory of your bundles. If you follow this rule, then you can run all of your application’s tests with the following command:

# specify the configuration directory on the command line
$ phpunit -c app/

The -c option tells PHPUnit to look in the app/ directory for a configuration file. If you’re curious about the PHPUnit options, check out the app/phpunit.xml.dist file.

小技巧

Code coverage can be generated with the --coverage-* options, see the help information that is shown when using --help for more information.

单元测试

A unit test is a test against a single PHP class, also called a unit. If you want to test the overall behavior of your application, see the section about `Functional Tests`_.

Writing Symfony unit tests is no different from writing standard PHPUnit unit tests. Suppose, for example, that you have an incredibly simple class called Calculator in the Util/ directory of the app bundle:

// src/AppBundle/Util/Calculator.php
namespace AppBundleUtil;

class Calculator
{
    public function add($a, $b)
    {
        return $a + $b;
    }
}

To test this, create a CalculatorTest file in the Tests/Util directory of your bundle:

// src/AppBundle/Tests/Util/CalculatorTest.php
namespace AppBundleTestsUtil;

use AppBundleUtilCalculator;

class CalculatorTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
    public function testAdd()
    {
        $calc = new Calculator();
        $result = $calc->add(30, 12);

        // assert that your calculator added the numbers correctly!
        $this->assertEquals(42, $result);
    }
}

注解

By convention, the Tests/ sub-directory should replicate the directory of your bundle for unit tests. So, if you’re testing a class in your bundle’s Util/ directory, put the test in the Tests/Util/ directory.

Just like in your real application - autoloading is automatically enabled via the bootstrap.php.cache file (as configured by default in the app/phpunit.xml.dist file).

Running tests for a given file or directory is also very easy:

# run all tests of the application
$ phpunit -c app

# run all tests in the Util directory
$ phpunit -c app src/AppBundle/Tests/Util

# run tests for the Calculator class
$ phpunit -c app src/AppBundle/Tests/Util/CalculatorTest.php

# run all tests for the entire Bundle
$ phpunit -c app src/AppBundle/

功能测试

Functional tests check the integration of the different layers of an application (from the routing to the views). They are no different from unit tests as far as PHPUnit is concerned, but they have a very specific workflow:

  • Make a request;
  • Test the response;
  • Click on a link or submit a form;
  • Test the response;
  • Rinse and repeat.

功能测试示例

Functional tests are simple PHP files that typically live in the Tests/Controller directory of your bundle. If you want to test the pages handled by your PostController class, start by creating a new PostControllerTest.php file that extends a special WebTestCase class.

As an example, a test could look like this:

// src/AppBundle/Tests/Controller/PostControllerTest.php
namespace AppBundleTestsController;

use SymfonyBundleFrameworkBundleTestWebTestCase;

class PostControllerTest extends WebTestCase
{
    public function testShowPost()
    {
        $client = static::createClient();

        $crawler = $client->request('GET', '/post/hello-world');

        $this->assertGreaterThan(
            0,
            $crawler->filter('html:contains("Hello World")')->count()
        );
    }
}

小技巧

To run your functional tests, the WebTestCase class bootstraps the kernel of your application. In most cases, this happens automatically. However, if your kernel is in a non-standard directory, you’ll need to modify your phpunit.xml.dist file to set the KERNEL_DIR environment variable to the directory of your kernel:

<?xml version="1.0" charset="utf-8" ?>
<phpunit>
    <php>
        <server name="KERNEL_DIR" value="/path/to/your/app/" />
    </php>
    <!-- ... -->
</phpunit>

The createClient() method returns a client, which is like a browser that you’ll use to crawl your site:

$crawler = $client->request('GET', '/post/hello-world');

The request() method (read more about the request method) returns a Crawler object which can be used to select elements in the response, click on links and submit forms.

小技巧

The Crawler only works when the response is an XML or an HTML document. To get the raw content response, call $client->getResponse()->getContent().

Click on a link by first selecting it with the crawler using either an XPath expression or a CSS selector, then use the client to click on it. For example:

$link = $crawler
    ->filter('a:contains("Greet")') // find all links with the text "Greet"
    ->eq(1) // select the second link in the list
    ->link() // and click it
;

$crawler = $client->click($link);

Submitting a form is very similar: select a form button, optionally override some form values and submit the corresponding form:

$form = $crawler->selectButton('submit')->form();

// set some values
$form['name'] = 'Lucas';
$form['form_name[subject]'] = 'Hey there!';

// submit the form
$crawler = $client->submit($form);

小技巧

The form can also handle uploads and contains methods to fill in different types of form fields (e.g. select() and tick()). For details, see the `Forms`_ section below.

Now that you can easily navigate through an application, use assertions to test that it actually does what you expect it to. Use the Crawler to make assertions on the DOM:

// Assert that the response matches a given CSS selector.
$this->assertGreaterThan(0, $crawler->filter('h1')->count());

Or test against the response content directly if you just want to assert that the content contains some text or in case that the response is not an XML/HTML document:

$this->assertContains(
    'Hello World',
    $client->getResponse()->getContent()
);

Useful Assertions

To get you started faster, here is a list of the most common and useful test assertions:

use SymfonyComponentHttpFoundationResponse;

// ...

// Assert that there is at least one h2 tag
// with the class "subtitle"
$this->assertGreaterThan(
    0,
    $crawler->filter('h2.subtitle')->count()
);

// Assert that there are exactly 4 h2 tags on the page
$this->assertCount(4, $crawler->filter('h2'));

// Assert that the "Content-Type" header is "application/json"
$this->assertTrue(
    $client->getResponse()->headers->contains(
        'Content-Type',
        'application/json'
    )
);

// Assert that the response content contains a string
$this->assertContains('foo', $client->getResponse()->getContent());
// ...or matches a regex
$this->assertRegExp('/foo(bar)?/', $client->getResponse()->getContent());

// Assert that the response status code is 2xx
$this->assertTrue($client->getResponse()->isSuccessful());
// Assert that the response status code is 404
$this->assertTrue($client->getResponse()->isNotFound());
// Assert a specific 200 status code
$this->assertEquals(
    200, // or SymfonyComponentHttpFoundationResponse::HTTP_OK
    $client->getResponse()->getStatusCode()
);

// Assert that the response is a redirect to /demo/contact
$this->assertTrue(
    $client->getResponse()->isRedirect('/demo/contact')
);
// ...or simply check that the response is a redirect to any URL
$this->assertTrue($client->getResponse()->isRedirect());

2.4 新版功能: Support for HTTP status code constants was introduced in Symfony 2.4.

使用测试客户端

The test client simulates an HTTP client like a browser and makes requests into your Symfony application:

$crawler = $client->request('GET', '/post/hello-world');

The request() method takes the HTTP method and a URL as arguments and returns a Crawler instance.

小技巧

Hardcoding the request URLs is a best practice for functional tests. If the test generates URLs using the Symfony router, it won’t detect any change made to the application URLs which may impact the end users.

More about the request() Method:

The full signature of the request() method is:

request(
    $method,
    $uri,
    array $parameters = array(),
    array $files = array(),
    array $server = array(),
    $content = null,
    $changeHistory = true
)

The server array is the raw values that you’d expect to normally find in the PHP $_SERVER superglobal. For example, to set the Content-Type, Referer and X-Requested-With HTTP headers, you’d pass the following (mind the HTTP_ prefix for non standard headers):

$client->request(
    'GET',
    '/post/hello-world',
    array(),
    array(),
    array(
        'CONTENT_TYPE'          => 'application/json',
        'HTTP_REFERER'          => '/foo/bar',
        'HTTP_X-Requested-With' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
    )
);

Use the crawler to find DOM elements in the response. These elements can then be used to click on links and submit forms:

$link = $crawler->selectLink('Go elsewhere...')->link();
$crawler = $client->click($link);

$form = $crawler->selectButton('validate')->form();
$crawler = $client->submit($form, array('name' => 'Fabien'));

The click() and submit() methods both return a Crawler object. These methods are the best way to browse your application as it takes care of a lot of things for you, like detecting the HTTP method from a form and giving you a nice API for uploading files.

小技巧

You will learn more about the Link and Form objects in the Crawler section below.

The request method can also be used to simulate form submissions directly or perform more complex requests. Some useful examples:

// Directly submit a form (but using the Crawler is easier!)
$client->request('POST', '/submit', array('name' => 'Fabien'));

// Submit a raw JSON string in the request body
$client->request(
    'POST',
    '/submit',
    array(),
    array(),
    array('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'),
    '{"name":"Fabien"}'
);

// Form submission with a file upload
use SymfonyComponentHttpFoundationFileUploadedFile;

$photo = new UploadedFile(
    '/path/to/photo.jpg',
    'photo.jpg',
    'image/jpeg',
    123
);
$client->request(
    'POST',
    '/submit',
    array('name' => 'Fabien'),
    array('photo' => $photo)
);

// Perform a DELETE request and pass HTTP headers
$client->request(
    'DELETE',
    '/post/12',
    array(),
    array(),
    array('PHP_AUTH_USER' => 'username', 'PHP_AUTH_PW' => 'pa$$word')
);

Last but not least, you can force each request to be executed in its own PHP process to avoid any side-effects when working with several clients in the same script:

$client->insulate();

浏览

The Client supports many operations that can be done in a real browser:

$client->back();
$client->forward();
$client->reload();

// Clears all cookies and the history
$client->restart();

访问内部对象

2.3 新版功能: The getInternalRequest() and getInternalResponse() methods were introduced in Symfony 2.3.

If you use the client to test your application, you might want to access the client’s internal objects:

$history = $client->getHistory();
$cookieJar = $client->getCookieJar();

You can also get the objects related to the latest request:

// the HttpKernel request instance
$request = $client->getRequest();

// the BrowserKit request instance
$request = $client->getInternalRequest();

// the HttpKernel response instance
$response = $client->getResponse();

// the BrowserKit response instance
$response = $client->getInternalResponse();

$crawler = $client->getCrawler();

If your requests are not insulated, you can also access the Container and the Kernel:

$container = $client->getContainer();
$kernel = $client->getKernel();

访问Container

It’s highly recommended that a functional test only tests the Response. But under certain very rare circumstances, you might want to access some internal objects to write assertions. In such cases, you can access the dependency injection container:

$container = $client->getContainer();

Be warned that this does not work if you insulate the client or if you use an HTTP layer. For a list of services available in your application, use the debug:container console task.

2.6 新版功能: Prior to Symfony 2.6, this command was called container:debug.

小技巧

If the information you need to check is available from the profiler, use it instead.

访问调试数据

On each request, you can enable the Symfony profiler to collect data about the internal handling of that request. For example, the profiler could be used to verify that a given page executes less than a certain number of database queries when loading.

To get the Profiler for the last request, do the following:

// enable the profiler for the very next request
$client->enableProfiler();

$crawler = $client->request('GET', '/profiler');

// get the profile
$profile = $client->getProfile();

For specific details on using the profiler inside a test, see the How to Use the Profiler in a Functional Test cookbook entry.

Redirecting

When a request returns a redirect response, the client does not follow it automatically. You can examine the response and force a redirection afterwards with the followRedirect() method:

$crawler = $client->followRedirect();

If you want the client to automatically follow all redirects, you can force him with the followRedirects() method:

$client->followRedirects();

If you pass false to the followRedirects() method, the redirects will no longer be followed:

$client->followRedirects(false);

页面抓取工具

A Crawler instance is returned each time you make a request with the Client. It allows you to traverse HTML documents, select nodes, find links and forms.

遍历

Like jQuery, the Crawler has methods to traverse the DOM of an HTML/XML document. For example, the following finds all input[type=submit] elements, selects the last one on the page, and then selects its immediate parent element:

$newCrawler = $crawler->filter('input[type=submit]')
    ->last()
    ->parents()
    ->first()
;

Many other methods are also available:

  • filter('h1.title')
  • Nodes that match the CSS selector.
  • filterXpath('h1')
  • Nodes that match the XPath expression.
  • eq(1)
  • Node for the specified index.
  • first()
  • First node.
  • last()
  • Last node.
  • siblings()
  • Siblings.
  • nextAll()
  • All following siblings.
  • previousAll()
  • All preceding siblings.
  • parents()
  • Returns the parent nodes.
  • children()
  • Returns children nodes.
  • reduce($lambda)
  • Nodes for which the callable does not return false.

Since each of these methods returns a new Crawler instance, you can narrow down your node selection by chaining the method calls:

$crawler
    ->filter('h1')
    ->reduce(function ($node, $i) {
        if (!$node->getAttribute('class')) {
            return false;
        }
    })
    ->first()
;

小技巧

Use the count() function to get the number of nodes stored in a Crawler: count($crawler)

解析数据

The Crawler can extract information from the nodes:

// Returns the attribute value for the first node
$crawler->attr('class');

// Returns the node value for the first node
$crawler->text();

// Extracts an array of attributes for all nodes
// (_text returns the node value)
// returns an array for each element in crawler,
// each with the value and href
$info = $crawler->extract(array('_text', 'href'));

// Executes a lambda for each node and return an array of results
$data = $crawler->each(function ($node, $i) {
    return $node->attr('href');
});

表单

Forms can be selected using their buttons, which can be selected with the selectButton() method, just like links:

$buttonCrawlerNode = $crawler->selectButton('submit');

注解

Notice that you select form buttons and not forms as a form can have several buttons; if you use the traversing API, keep in mind that you must look for a button.

The selectButton() method can select button tags and submit input tags. It uses several parts of the buttons to find them:

  • The value attribute value;
  • The id or alt attribute value for images;
  • The id or name attribute value for button tags.

Once you have a Crawler representing a button, call the form() method to get a Form instance for the form wrapping the button node:

$form = $buttonCrawlerNode->form();

When calling the form() method, you can also pass an array of field values that overrides the default ones:

$form = $buttonCrawlerNode->form(array(
    'name'              => 'Fabien',
    'my_form[subject]'  => 'Symfony rocks!',
));

And if you want to simulate a specific HTTP method for the form, pass it as a second argument:

$form = $buttonCrawlerNode->form(array(), 'DELETE');

The Client can submit Form instances:

$client->submit($form);

The field values can also be passed as a second argument of the submit() method:

$client->submit($form, array(
    'name'              => 'Fabien',
    'my_form[subject]'  => 'Symfony rocks!',
));

For more complex situations, use the Form instance as an array to set the value of each field individually:

// Change the value of a field
$form['name'] = 'Fabien';
$form['my_form[subject]'] = 'Symfony rocks!';

There is also a nice API to manipulate the values of the fields according to their type:

// Select an option or a radio
$form['country']->select('France');

// Tick a checkbox
$form['like_symfony']->tick();

// Upload a file
$form['photo']->upload('/path/to/lucas.jpg');

小技巧

If you purposefully want to select “invalid” select/radio values, see Selecting Invalid Choice Values.

小技巧

You can get the values that will be submitted by calling the getValues() method on the Form object. The uploaded files are available in a separate array returned by getFiles(). The getPhpValues() and getPhpFiles() methods also return the submitted values, but in the PHP format (it converts the keys with square brackets notation - e.g. my_form[subject] - to PHP arrays).

测试配置

The Client used by functional tests creates a Kernel that runs in a special test environment. Since Symfony loads the app/config/config_test.yml in the test environment, you can tweak any of your application’s settings specifically for testing.

For example, by default, the Swift Mailer is configured to not actually deliver emails in the test environment. You can see this under the swiftmailer configuration option:

  • YAML
    # app/config/config_test.yml
    
    # ...
    swiftmailer:
        disable_delivery: true
    
  • XML
    <!-- app/config/config_test.xml -->
    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
    <container xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services"
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xmlns:swiftmailer="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/swiftmailer"
        xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services
            http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services/services-1.0.xsd
            http://symfony.com/schema/dic/swiftmailer
            http://symfony.com/schema/dic/swiftmailer/swiftmailer-1.0.xsd">
    
        <!-- ... -->
        <swiftmailer:config disable-delivery="true" />
    </container>
    
  • PHP
    // app/config/config_test.php
    
    // ...
    $container->loadFromExtension('swiftmailer', array(
        'disable_delivery' => true,
    ));
    

You can also use a different environment entirely, or override the default debug mode (true) by passing each as options to the createClient() method:

$client = static::createClient(array(
    'environment' => 'my_test_env',
    'debug'       => false,
));

If your application behaves according to some HTTP headers, pass them as the second argument of createClient():

$client = static::createClient(array(), array(
    'HTTP_HOST'       => 'en.example.com',
    'HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'MySuperBrowser/1.0',
));

You can also override HTTP headers on a per request basis:

$client->request('GET', '/', array(), array(), array(
    'HTTP_HOST'       => 'en.example.com',
    'HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'MySuperBrowser/1.0',
));

小技巧

The test client is available as a service in the container in the test environment (or wherever the framework.test option is enabled). This means you can override the service entirely if you need to.

PHPUnit配置

Each application has its own PHPUnit configuration, stored in the app/phpunit.xml.dist file. You can edit this file to change the defaults or create an app/phpunit.xml file to set up a configuration for your local machine only.

小技巧

Store the app/phpunit.xml.dist file in your code repository and ignore the app/phpunit.xml file.

By default, only the tests from your own custom bundles stored in the standard directories src/*/*Bundle/Tests, src/*/Bundle/*Bundle/Tests, src/*Bundle/Tests are run by the phpunit command, as configured in the app/phpunit.xml.dist file:

<!-- app/phpunit.xml.dist -->
<phpunit>
    <!-- ... -->
    <testsuites>
        <testsuite name="Project Test Suite">
            <directory>../src/*/*Bundle/Tests</directory>
            <directory>../src/*/Bundle/*Bundle/Tests</directory>
            <directory>../src/*Bundle/Tests</directory>
        </testsuite>
    </testsuites>
    <!-- ... -->
</phpunit>

But you can easily add more directories. For instance, the following configuration adds tests from a custom lib/tests directory:

<!-- app/phpunit.xml.dist -->
<phpunit>
    <!-- ... -->
    <testsuites>
        <testsuite name="Project Test Suite">
            <!-- ... --->
            <directory>../lib/tests</directory>
        </testsuite>
    </testsuites>
    <!-- ... --->
</phpunit>

To include other directories in the code coverage, also edit the <filter> section:

<!-- app/phpunit.xml.dist -->
<phpunit>
    <!-- ... -->
    <filter>
        <whitelist>
            <!-- ... -->
            <directory>../lib</directory>
            <exclude>
                <!-- ... -->
                <directory>../lib/tests</directory>
            </exclude>
        </whitelist>
    </filter>
    <!-- ... --->
</phpunit>
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