发布于 2015-08-01 11:19:41 | 543 次阅读 | 评论: 0 | 来源: 网络整理
Note: This section is under development.
Internationalization (I18N) refers to the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. For Web applications, this is of particular importance because the potential users may be worldwide.
Yii offers several tools that help with internationalization of a website such as message translation and number- and date-formatting.
There are two languages defined in the Yii application: yiibaseApplication::$sourceLanguage and yiibaseApplication::$language.
The source language is the language in which the original application messages are written directly in the code such as:
echo Yii::t('app', 'I am a message!');
The target language is the language that should be used to display the current page, i.e. the language that original messages need to be translated to. It is defined in the application configuration like the following:
return [
'id' => 'applicationID',
'basePath' => dirname(__DIR__),
// ...
'language' => 'ru-RU', // <- here!
// ...
]
Tip: The default value for the yiibaseApplication::$sourceLanguage is English and it is recommended to keep this value. The reason is that it's easier to find people translating from English to any language than from non-English to non-English.
You may set the application language at runtime to the language that the user has chosen. This has to be done at a point before any output is generated so that it affects all the output correctly. Therefor just change the application property to the desired value:
Yii::$app->language = 'zh-CN';
The format for the language/locale is ll-CC where ll is a two- or three-letter lowercase code for a language according to ISO-639 and CC is the country code according to ISO-3166.
Note: For more information on the concept and syntax of locales, check the documentation of the ICU project.
Message translation is used to translate the messages that are output by an application to different languages so that users from different countries can use the application in their native language.
The message translation feature in Yii works simply as finding a translation of the message from a source language into a target language. To use the message translation feature you wrap your original message strings with a call to the Yii::t() method. The first parameter of this method takes a category which helps to distinguish the source of messages in different parts of the application and the second parameter is the message itself.
echo Yii::t('app', 'This is a string to translate!');
Yii tries to load an appropriate translation according to the current yiibaseApplication::$language from one of the message sources defined in the i18n application component. A message source is a set of files or a database that provides translation messages. The following configuration example defines a messages source that takes the messages from PHP files:
'components' => [
// ...
'i18n' => [
'translations' => [
'app*' => [
'class' => 'yiii18nPhpMessageSource',
//'basePath' => '@app/messages',
//'sourceLanguage' => 'en-US',
'fileMap' => [
'app' => 'app.php',
'app/error' => 'error.php',
],
],
],
],
],
In the above app* is a pattern that specifies which categories are handled by the message source. In this case we're handling everything that begins with app. Message files are located in @app/messages, the messages directory in your application directory. The yiii18nPhpMessageSource::fileMap array defines which file is to be used for which category. Instead of configuring fileMap you can rely on the convention which is to use the category name as the file name (e.g. category app/error will result in the file name app/error.php under the yiii18nPhpMessageSource::basePath.
When translating the message for Yii::t('app', 'This is a string to translate!') with the application language being ru-RU, Yii will first look for a file @app/messages/ru-RU/app.php to retrieve the list of available translations. If there is no such file under ru-RU, it will try ru as well before failing.
Beside storing the messages in PHP files (using yiii18nPhpMessageSource), Yii provides two other classes:
You can add parameters to a translation message that will be substituted with the corresponding value after translation. The format for this is to use curly brackets around the parameter name as you can see in the following example:
$username = 'Alexander';
echo Yii::t('app', 'Hello, {username}!', [
'username' => $username,
]);
Note that the parameter assignment is without the brackets.
$sum = 42;
echo Yii::t('app', 'Balance: {0}', $sum);
Tip: Try to keep the message strings meaningful and avoid using too many positional parameters. Remember that the translator has only the source string, so it should be obvious about what will replace each placeholder.
In order to use the advanced features you need to install and enable the intl PHP extension. After installing and enabling it you will be able to use the extended syntax for placeholders: either the short form {placeholderName, argumentType} that uses the default style, or the full form {placeholderName, argumentType, argumentStyle} that allows you to specify the formatting style.
A complete reference is available at the ICU website but we will show some examples in the following.
$sum = 42;
echo Yii::t('app', 'Balance: {0, number}', $sum);
You can specify one of the built-in styles (integer, currency, percent):
$sum = 42;
echo Yii::t('app', 'Balance: {0, number, currency}', $sum);
Or specify a custom pattern:
$sum = 42;
echo Yii::t('app', 'Balance: {0, number, ,000,000000}', $sum);
echo Yii::t('app', 'Today is {0, date}', time());
Built in formats are short, medium, long, and full:
echo Yii::t('app', 'Today is {0, date, short}', time());
You may also specify a custom pattern:
echo Yii::t('app', 'Today is {0, date, yyyy-MM-dd}', time());
echo Yii::t('app', 'It is {0, time}', time());
Built in formats are short, medium, long, and full:
echo Yii::t('app', 'It is {0, time, short}', time());
You may also specify a custom pattern:
echo Yii::t('app', 'It is {0, date, HH:mm}', time());
echo Yii::t('app', '{n,number} is spelled as {n, spellout}', ['n' => 42]);
echo Yii::t('app', 'You are {n, ordinal} visitor here!', ['n' => 42]);
Will produce "You are 42nd visitor here!".
echo Yii::t('app', 'You are here for {n, duration} already!', ['n' => 47]);
Will produce "You are here for 47 sec. already!".
Different languages have different ways to inflect plurals. Yii provides a convenient way for translating messages in different plural forms that works well even for very complex rules. Instead of dealing with the inflection rules directly, it is sufficient to provide the translation of inflected words in certain situations only.
echo Yii::t('app', 'There {n, plural, =0{are no cats} =1{is one cat} other{are # cats}}!', ['n' => $n]);
Will give us
$n = 0,$n = 1,$n = 42.In the plural rule arguments above, =0 means exactly zero, =1 stands for exactly one, and other is for any other number. # is replaced with the value of n. It's not that simple for languages other than English. Here's an example for Russian:
Здесь {n, plural, =0{котов нет} =1{есть один кот} one{# кот} few{# кота} many{# котов} other{# кота}}!
In the above it's worth mentioning that =1 matches exactly n = 1 while one matches 21 or 101.
Note, that you can not use the Russian example in Yii::t() directly if your yiibaseApplication::$sourceLanguage isn't set to ru-RU. This however is not recommended, instead such strings should go into message files or message database (in case DB source is used). Yii uses the plural rules of the translated language strings and is falling back to the plural rules of the source language if the translation isn't available.
To learn which inflection forms you should specify for your language, you can refeer to the rules reference at unicode.org.
You can select phrases based on keywords. The pattern in this case specifies how to map keywords to phrases and provides a default phrase.
echo Yii::t('app', '{name} is a {gender} and {gender, select, female{she} male{he} other{it}} loves Yii!', [
'name' => 'Snoopy',
'gender' => 'dog',
]);
Will produce "Snoopy is a dog and it loves Yii!".
In the expression above, female and male are possible values, while other handles values that do not match. A string inside the brackets is a sub-expression, so it could be a plain string or a string with nested placeholders in it.
You can specify default translations that will be used as a fallback for categories that don't match any other translation. This translation should be marked with *. In order to do it add the following to the application config:
//configure i18n component
'i18n' => [
'translations' => [
'*' => [
'class' => 'yiii18nPhpMessageSource'
],
],
],
Now you can use categories without configuring each one, which is similar to Yii 1.1 behavior. Messages for the category will be loaded from a file under the default translation basePath that is @app/messages:
echo Yii::t('not_specified_category', 'message from unspecified category');
The message will be loaded from @app/messages/<LanguageCode>/not_specified_category.php.
If you want to translate the messages for a module and avoid using a single translation file for all the messages, you can do it like the following:
<?php
namespace appmodulesusers;
use Yii;
class Module extends yiibaseModule
{
public $controllerNamespace = 'appmodulesuserscontrollers';
public function init()
{
parent::init();
$this->registerTranslations();
}
public function registerTranslations()
{
Yii::$app->i18n->translations['modules/users/*'] = [
'class' => 'yiii18nPhpMessageSource',
'sourceLanguage' => 'en-US',
'basePath' => '@app/modules/users/messages',
'fileMap' => [
'modules/users/validation' => 'validation.php',
'modules/users/form' => 'form.php',
...
],
];
}
public static function t($category, $message, $params = [], $language = null)
{
return Yii::t('modules/users/' . $category, $message, $params, $language);
}
}
In the example above we are using wildcard for matching and then filtering each category per needed file. Instead of using fileMap, you can simply use the convention of the category mapping to the same named file. Now you can use Module::t('validation', 'your custom validation message') or Module::t('form', 'some form label') directly.
The same rule as applied for Modules above can be applied for widgets too, for example:
<?php
namespace appwidgetsmenu;
use yiibaseWidget;
use Yii;
class Menu extends Widget
{
public function init()
{
parent::init();
$this->registerTranslations();
}
public function registerTranslations()
{
$i18n = Yii::$app->i18n;
$i18n->translations['widgets/menu/*'] = [
'class' => 'yiii18nPhpMessageSource',
'sourceLanguage' => 'en-US',
'basePath' => '@app/widgets/menu/messages',
'fileMap' => [
'widgets/menu/messages' => 'messages.php',
],
];
}
public function run()
{
echo $this->render('index');
}
public static function t($category, $message, $params = [], $language = null)
{
return Yii::t('widgets/menu/' . $category, $message, $params, $language);
}
}
Instead of using fileMap you can simply use the convention of the category mapping to the same named file. Now you can use Menu::t('messages', 'new messages {messages}', ['{messages}' => 10]) directly.
Note: For widgets you also can use i18n views, with the same rules as for controllers being applied to them too.
Yii comes with the default translation messages for validation errors and some other strings. These messages are all in the category yii. Sometimes you want to correct the default framework message translation for your application. In order to do so, configure the i18n application component like the following:
'i18n' => [
'translations' => [
'yii' => [
'class' => 'yiii18nPhpMessageSource',
'sourceLanguage' => 'en-US',
'basePath' => '@app/messages'
],
],
],
Now you can place your adjusted translations to @app/messages/<language>/yii.php.
Even if the translation is missing from the source, Yii will display the requested message content. Such behavior is very convenient in case your raw message is a valid verbose text. However, sometimes it is not enough. You may need to perform some custom processing of the situation, when the requested translation is missing from the source. This can be achieved using the yiii18nMessageSource::EVENT_MISSING_TRANSLATION-event of yiii18nMessageSource.
For example, you may want to mark all the missing translations with something notable, so that they can be easily found at the page. First you need to setup an event handler. This can be done in the application configuration:
'components' => [
// ...
'i18n' => [
'translations' => [
'app*' => [
'class' => 'yiii18nPhpMessageSource',
'fileMap' => [
'app' => 'app.php',
'app/error' => 'error.php',
],
'on missingTranslation' => ['appcomponentsTranslationEventHandler', 'handleMissingTranslation']
],
],
],
],
Now you need to implement your own event handler:
<?php
namespace appcomponents;
use yiii18nMissingTranslationEvent;
class TranslationEventHandler
{
public static function handleMissingTranslation(MissingTranslationEvent $event)
{
$event->translatedMessage = "@MISSING: {$event->category}.{$event->message} FOR LANGUAGE {$event->language} @";
}
}
If yiii18nMissingTranslationEvent::translatedMessage is set by the event handler it will be displayed as the translation result.
Note: each message source handles its missing translations separately. If you are using several message sources and wish them to treat the missing translations in the same way, you should assign the corresponding event handler to each of them.
message commandTranslations can be stored in yiii18nPhpMessageSource, [[yiii18nGettextMessageSource|.po files] or to yiii18nDbMessageSource. See specific classes for additional options.
First of all you need to create a config file. Decide where you want to store it and then issue the command
./yii message/config path/to/config.php
Open the created file and adjust the parameters to fit your needs. Pay special attention to:
languages: an array representing what languages your app should be translated to;messagePath: path where to store message files, which should match the i18n's basePath parameter stated in config.Note that aliases are not supported here, they must be real path relative to the config file location
Once you're done with the config file you can finally extract your messages with the command
./yii message path/to/config.php
You will then find your files (if you've choosen file based translations) in your messagePath directory.
Instead of translating messages as described in the last section, you can also use i18n in your views to provide support for different languages. For example, if you have a view views/site/index.php and you want to create a special version for the Russian language, you create a ru-RU folder under the view path of the current controller/widget and put the file for the Russian language as views/site/ru-RU/index.php. Yii will then load the file for the current language if it exists and fall back to the original view file if none was found.
Note: If language is specified as
en-USand there are no corresponding views, Yii will try views underenbefore using original ones.
See the data formatter section for details.
Yii uses the PHP intl extension to provide most of its internationalization features such as the number and date formatting of the yiii18nFormatter class and the message formatting using yiii18nMessageFormatter. Both classes provides a fallback implementation that provides basic functionality in case intl is not installed. This fallback implementation however only works well for sites in English language and even there can not provide the rich set of features that is available with the PHP intl extension, so its installation is highly recommended.
The PHP intl extension is based on the ICU library which provides the knowledge and formatting rules for all the different locales. According to this fact the formatting of dates and numbers and also the supported syntax available for message formatting differs between different versions of the ICU library that is compiled with you PHP binary.
To ensure your website works with the same output in all environments it is recommended to install the PHP intl extension in all environments and verify that the version of the ICU library compiled with PHP is the same.
To find out which version of ICU is used by PHP you can run the following script, which will give you the PHP and ICU version used.
<?php
echo "PHP: " . PHP_VERSION . "n";
echo "ICU: " . INTL_ICU_VERSION . "n";
We recommend an ICU version greater or equal to version ICU 49 to be able to use all the features described in this document. One major feature that is missing in Versions below 49 is the # placeholder in plural rules. See http://site.icu-project.org/download for a list of available ICU versions. Note that the version numbering has changed after the 4.8 release so that the first digits are now merged: the sequence is ICU 4.8, ICU 49, ICU 50.
Additionally the information in the time zone database shipped with the ICU library may be outdated. Please refer to the ICU manual for details on updating the time zone database. While for output formatting the ICU timezone database is used, the time zone database used by PHP may be relevant too. You can update it by installing the latest version of the pecl package timezonedb.